The law is the law made and administered by governmental or communal institutions to regulated behavior, having its exact definition subject to ongoing argument. It is defined as an abstract body of law, a body of knowledge whose objective is to define obligations in accordance with the law and its effects on the state. It is the source of law, but not the only one. It includes all human actions and institutions, whether private or public. It is the means by which certain individuals or groups claim entitlement to certain entitlements, such as certain rights to protect their persons and properties, certain degrees of taxation, certain modes of education, certain rules of conduct for businesses and governments, etc.

There are numerous important areas of law. Nearly all of the major jurisdictions have one important area of law: tort law. Tort law governs how people can be held responsible for another person’s action or inaction. Virtually every law relating to civil liability (including negligence, strict liability, and intentional wrongs) is contained in the body of tort law. Some areas of tort law include:

Civil liability includes accidents and negligence. Another form of civil liability is property law. Private parties can bring legal action against other private parties, corporations, government agencies, etc., for damage to, theft of, or loss of, real property, personal property, or intangible personal property. In instances where damage to property is caused deliberately, such as when an individual knowingly damages a neighbor’s property, the party bears the liability.

Property law encompasses all those matters not addressed in the other branches of civil law, including the law of contract, the law of trusts, the law of equity, and so on. In some cases, it may seem that property law and criminal law overlap. This is referred to as “co-venture” between criminal defense lawyers and real estate attorneys. When co-venture exists, a defense lawyer and a real estate lawyer may bring a criminal suit against one another for fraud, property damage, etc., in order to defend their client’s legally existent real estate interest against the defendant. Often, the two lawyers will seek to have a jury trial rather than a judge deciding their case, because the defendant’s civil defense lawyer does not have the standing to argue the defendant’s case before a judge.

Intellectual property is that property right considered to exist by law to hold the creators of the works under the legal system. Under U.S. law, the famous author/ illustrator/designer copyright law protects the rights to the visual appearance of the work. The music publisher can sue the creator of rap song if they feel that the work infringes on their copyright; however, the musical publisher cannot sue the rap song creator for infringement of their artistic labor. The majority of cases involving property law are commercial cases involving products like cars, paintings, commercial real estate developments, trademarks, and copyrights. The most famous examples of this is the apple vs. Macintosh case, where the U.S. Supreme Court decided that a farmer had to pay royalties to the manufacturer of the apple in order for the apple to be sold.

The law of U.S. states and the federal government have established standards for defining an actionable claim. Generally, these claims must be founded on a “class basis,” with non-custodial mothers and children being given the highest priority. Thus, all the cases dealing with U.S. states and federal government are civil. Civil law has many categories, such as criminal, probate, corporate, and others, but the main focuses of civil law issues involving private parties, and not parties to public law.

Tort law, which includes cases concerning damages or wrong-doing of a nature described in civil law, is exclusively left to criminal laws. When there is a question of liability, there is a dispute resolution between opposing lawyers. A typical tort case ends up with one lawyer winning money damages while another lawyer tries to defend his client. There are other special cases, however, like the Google guilty verdict, in which the jury did not agree on damages, but the court found Google guilty of inducing search engine traffic through its AdSense program.

Most countries have their own special laws that deal with personal injury. For example, in England, common law courts deal exclusively with compensation claims on medical negligence. This is different from the civil law, and most U.S. states have their own personal injury law.